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Executive education (Exec. Ed) refers to academic programs at graduate-level business schools worldwide for executives, business leaders and functional managers. These programs are generally non-credit and non-degree-granting, but sometimes lead to certificates. Estimates by ''Business Week'' magazine suggest that executive education in the United States is approximately an $800 million annual business〔http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/oct2001/bs20011015_3309.htm〕 with approximately 80 percent provided by university-based business schools. Key players in university-based executive education span elite universities, as well as many regional and mid-sized universities and business schools around the world. Customized programs, which are tailored for and offered to executives of a single company, represent the fastest growing segment of the market.〔Leadership by Design, Albert A. Vicere, Robert M. Fulmer, (1998) ISBN 0875848311〕 Customized programs help organizations increase management capability by combining the science of business and performance management into specialized programs that enable executives to develop new knowledge, skills and attitudes. Knowledge translates into the capability an organization applies to the products and services it brings to the marketplace. Research shows that a firm with a clearly articulated and understood business and capability strategy will have a higher market-to-book value than a firm that does not.〔Maritan C. and Schnatterly K. (2004) (Intangible Assets as Drivers of Value: Technology, Capabilities and Management Systems ).〕 Open enrollment programs also are available as part of university-based executive education offerings, which occur throughout the year on selected dates, and are available to participants from different companies and organizations. Shorter executive education programs tend to focus on specific roles or industries, or on improving specific leadership skills, such as persuasion, negotiation, teambuilding or communication. Some executive education providers offer more comprehensive management training options, such as the modular "Advanced Management Program" (AMP) offered independently by several business schools, including Harvard Business School, IMD, INSEAD, IESE, London Business School, Duke University's Fuqua School of Business, and the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. University-based executive education programs, and customized programs in particular, include serious engagement among executives, senior business faculty and researchers who are on the leading edge of business thought and management theory development. It has been noted that “executive education is the toughest classroom there is”〔http://www.acu.edu.au/staff/our_university/publications/acu_update/2012/issue_1/new_directorate_at_acu〕 (besides other academic fields such as the hard sciences or engineering) because time-pressed and demanding executives challenge each other in the classroom as much or more as their professors. The programs are credited with offering unique networking and personal career development opportunities for participants, as well as opportunities for universities to build stronger alumni networks that also benefit younger, traditional MBA program graduates through networking, internships and job opportunities. Not all observers of university-based executive education are positive. There is some debate about the nature of business school education as a form of professional development. Some believe that university-based executive education has caused some business schools to "lose track of their professional mission." This argument is made by Rakesh Khurana among others.〔Khurana, R. (2007) (From higher aims to hired hands: The social transformation of American business schools and the unfulfilled promise of management as a profession ). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.〕 ==History== The genesis of executive education can be traced to Frederick Taylor and his 1911 treatise Principles of Scientific Management. This book described how the application of the scientific method to the management of workers could improve productivity. Taylor's ideas, also known as "Taylorism"〔(Taylorism and Fordism ). Vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.〕 would become the standard for businesses worldwide.〔 On the heels of Taylorism came The Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, which in 1914 began offering Course XV, Engineering Administration, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At that time, the concept of providing business training in the academic environment was gaining popularity, thus MIT created a program “specially designed to train men to be competent managers of businesses that have much to do with engineering problems.” Harvard also began offering short five-week selections of standard MBA material in the late 1920s.〔 In 1930 Course XV at (MIT ) became an independent department and was named the Department of Business and Engineering Administration. In 1931 an innovative program for executive development was initiated with the backing of several industrialists. This one-year program — offering graduate study in the fundamentals of management and decision-making — was aimed at young managers who were nominated by their employers and was highly competitive. In 1938 the program received full funding by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and was formally named the MIT Sloan Fellowship Program for Executive Development at MIT.〔(History of MIT Sloan – MIT Sloan Newsroom ). Mitsloan.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.〕 Executive Education in the United States developed critical mass after World War II. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 — commonly known as the GI Bill of Rights — allowed veterans to take advantage of education benefits. Many studied business in college, a privilege previously only enjoyed by the wealthy.〔(GI Bill History – U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs ). Gibill.va.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.〕 Subsequent executive education programs, including the 13-week Advanced Management Program at Harvard University and the four-week Institute for Management at Northwestern University’s School of Commerce (now the Kellogg School of Management), developed in response to the need to rapidly train line executives for general management in the post World War II era. By the late 1970s nearly 20 business schools in the United States were offering some form of executive education. The science of business also was developing at a rapid pace as faculty, such as Michael Porter (Harvard ) and C. K. Prahalad (University of Michigan), published academic papers that changed the way people thought and acted within companies. Prahalad〔(C.K. Prahalad – Harvard Business Review ). Hbr.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.〕 is most notably remembered for developing the concepts of “core competencies” and “strategic intent”. These and other respected academic business thinkers — Don Hambrick, Ram Charan, David Ulrich, Michael Hammer, Gary Hamel and many others — are the true pioneers of executive education and the ongoing effort to facilitate wealth creation and other new concepts aimed at making stronger businesses while improving the welfare of the world. Throughout the 1970s university-based executive education continued to evolve as an industry. Several on-campus residential facilities were constructed at several universities, demonstrating the value of a standalone facility dedicated to executive education programs. This spurred the development of such facilities at schools nationwide and the subsequent expansion of short open enrollment programs. The industry’s exclusive professional association, The International University Consortium for Executive Education,〔(UNICON )〕 also came into existence during this period. UNICON began sponsoring a tradeshow in the 1970s for companies interested in learning about university-based executive education and an annual conference for members. UNICON has since grown into a consortium of nearly 100 universities with executive education programs around the globe. It sponsors three annual conferences that allow members to share best practices, conducts research into topics of concern and provides benchmarking data for members.〔(Welcome to UNICON, the International University Consortium for Executive Education ). Uniconexed.org (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2011-06-12.〕 Executive education further developed in the 1980s and 1990s as the increasing pace and scope of global business demanded higher levels of education among employees. The dot-com boom further changed the scope of the business landscape by favoring employees and organizations that were quick to adapt to change. As longstanding business concepts became obsolete, continual training was necessary – but earning a degree was not. In a 1999 survey of 63 programs, the University of Michigan Business School topped the list.〔http://www.economist.com/node/929014〕 By the next survey in 2001, the number of programs had doubled to 121, with a doubling of revenues to $800M.〔http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2001-10-14/a-mid-career-boost〕 Shortly after the survey, Executive education growth was dramatically impacted by travel restrictions and economic impact of the September 11 attacks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Executive education」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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